The defender returned to parent club Chelsea when his loan expired after making 19 appearances for City and has gone to Newcastle as cover for injuries.
Chris Houghton told Sky Sports: "The move was, of course, a reaction to Jose Enrique's injury but we are excited about having Patrick with us. He will give us energy and it will be a good chance to look at him over the next month."
van Aanholt goes into Newcastle's squad and could play against Coventry City at St James' Park on Wednesday February 17th.